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Security Tools

Below is a list of free (and also mostly open source) security tools that I have used and recommend. Documentation and tutorials can usually be found on respective websites, or on Google.

Scanning & Enumeration

Nmap

hping

Network Vulnerability Scanning

Nessus

Web Vulnerability Scanning

Nikto

Web Fuzzing

wfuzz
Python-based web application fuzzer. Great bruteforcing tool with recursion, encodings, headers, and more. Very fast and configurable.

RFuzz
Ruby library for quickly creating custom fuzzers.

Tarantula
Ruby on Rails application fuzzer.

SQL Injection 

sqlmap 
Command line  SQL  injection tool based on Python . Can fuzz multiple parameters to discovery possible SQL injection, fingerprint the database, and carry out various attacks. Supports  MySQL, Oracle, Postgresql,  and MS SQL Server.

Absinthe
GUI-based tool for automating blind SQL injection attacks including downloading the database schema and contents. It does not help you discover SQL injection attacks - it only helps you automate known attack vectors. Written in C# and runs on a variety of platforms.

Web Proxies

Paros
A basic man-in-the-middle proxy that can intercept and modify both requests and responses.  Also features a spider and a vulnerability scanner. Written in Java.

Burp Proxy
Part of Burp Suite, which provides a lot more than just a proxy. Based on Java.

WebScarab

Wireless Auditing

Aircrack-ng

Kismet